Compared with the tension that exists in Muslim communities across Europe, America’s Muslims are a more contented lot.
A recent Pew Forum study found Europe’s Muslims to be “markedly less well off than the general population, frustrated with economic opportunities and socially isolated,” while most American Muslims say that “their communities are excellent or good places” to live; 71% say they can succeed in the US if they work. Both income and college graduation levels match the national norms. 63% of American Muslims report no conflict between religious devotion and living in modern society. Although 53% of US Muslims think that life is more difficult since the terrorist attacks of 2001, most think that this is the fault of the government, not their neighbours. Indeed, 73% said they had never experienced discrimination while living in America. Moreover, 85% said suicide bombing is rarely or never justified, and only 1% said violence to defend Islam was “often” permissible. In Europe, significantly higher percentages of Muslims believe that suicide bombings are “often” or “sometimes” justified.
“What emerges,” according to Amaney Jamal, an adviser to Pew, “is the great success of the Muslim American population in its socioeconomic assimilation.” Yet “assimilation” is not what succeeds. “Assimilation” means dissolving into the mainstream, but Muslim-Americans do not, remaining devoutly Muslim in a country overwhelmingly Christian.
America’s Muslims do not so much assimilate as participate in economic, political, educational, and social life. This might reflect a self-selection process: only the most educated Muslims immigrate to America, as poor social services allow only the best-prepared to survive. Yet even middle-class Muslims in Britain become alienated, and, unlike the Muslim poor in Europe, poor Muslims in America don’t express alienation or sympathy with al-Qaeda.
It can be argued that only those poor eager for the harsh but open possibilities of American life immigrate to the US. Yet this doesn’t explain why these poorer immigrants remain religious; wanting to succeed US-style, they should want to be quick to “assimilate.”
Why do US Muslims do well while remaining devout and distinctive-looking? Why can they participate without assimilating?
Two factors seem significant: first, relatively porous economic, political and educational arenas that allow immigrants entry to these key areas of American life. Despite the discrimination and poverty that immigrants often suffer initially, barriers to economic and political participation are relatively low.
The second factor is America’s pluralistic public sphere, an arena not without religion but with many religions, which are visible and active in civil life as the basis for institutions, publications, and symbols that influence values and conduct. The US is not a secular society; it is a religiously pluralistic one with secular legal and political structures.
Indeed, America’s secular institutions were designed to support pluralism. They allow people of many creeds to work in them-a workplace of multiple faiths. The prohibition against a state religion together with freedom of conscience preserves the plurality of religion in civil life.
This design was crafted not only from enlightened principle but from necessity: America needed to persuade people to cross the ocean and endure the hardships of the frontier and, later, industrialization. Freedom to practice one’s religion was an advertisement for America.
The benefit of that accidental generosity was the American deal: immigrants have to participate in the economic and political fracas of the nation, but without much of a social service safety “net.” On the other hand, they can get in.
And they can keep not only their private faith but practice it publicly. Tolerance for other people’s religion is the price paid for tolerance of one’s own. Prejudice has tended to fall as participation increases. It has been in no one’s interest to disturb this live-and let-live pragmatism for very long.
One result of the deal is the paradoxical-sounding “familiarity with difference.” Because immigrants participate in America’s economic and political arenas, Americans are used to different sorts of people and so distinguish those differences that might damage the country from those that will not. Americans, indeed, are familiar with difference, or at least they tend not to panic. Even after 2001, there were only a few anti-Muslim incidents.
Europe, however, demands greater assimilation and offers a less porous economy and politics. This means less participation and thus less familiarity with difference on the host country’s side. On the immigrants’ side, there is more resentment against the host, more lassitude about the economy and politics, possible violence or an insistence on maintaining symbolic differences-ironically, in a society less able to accept them precisely because of its discomfort with difference.
This is Europe’s headscarf debate in a nutshell. It speaks to none of the barriers to participation or to immigrant responses to them, but demands symbolic assimilation.
But such demands are a dead end. To get out of it, greater entry into the economy and politics is needed, but also less demand for quick-fix assimilation. All the religions that descend from Abraham have internal mechanisms for change that allow them to reckon with new circumstances in ways that the confessional community can respect. Both fundamentalism and the demands of assimilation – be like us, now! – pre-empt these mechanisms.
They should be allowed to work. But Europe demands assimilation before participation in an economy that immigrants can’t get into anyway. This, sadly, is a road to the ghetto.
