COPENHAGEN (Reuters) – UN climate talks ended with a bare-minimum agreement yesterday when delegates “noted” an accord struck by the United States, China and other emerging powers that falls far short of the conference’s original goals.
“Finally we sealed a deal,” UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said. “The ‘Copenhagen Accord’ may not be everything everyone had hoped for, but this … is an important beginning.”
A long road lies ahead. The accord — weaker than a legally binding treaty and weaker even than the ‘political’ deal many had foreseen — left much to the imagination.
It set a target of limiting global warming to a maximum 2 degrees Celsius over pre-industrial times — seen as a threshold for dangerous changes such as more floods, droughts, mudslides, sandstorms and rising seas. But it failed to say how this would be achieved.
It held out the prospect of $100 billion in annual aid from 2020 for developing nations but did not specify precisely where this money would come from. And it pushed decisions on core issues such as emissions cuts into the future.
“This basically is a letter of intent … the ingredients of an architecture that can respond to the long-term challenge of climate change, but not in precise legal terms. That means we have a lot of work to do on the long road to Mexico,” said Yvo de Boer, head of the UN Climate Change Secretariat.
Another round of climate talks is scheduled for November 2010 in Mexico. Negotiators are hoping to nail down then what they failed to achieve in Copenhagen — a new treaty to replace the Kyoto Protocol. But there are no guarantees.
Non-binding accord
A plenary session of the marathon 193-nation talks in the Danish capital merely “took note” of the new accord, a non-binding deal for combating global warming finalised by U.S. President Barack Obama, China, India, Brazil and South Africa.
Work on the pact had begun in a meeting of 28 leaders, ministers and officials, including EU countries and small island nations most vulnerable to climate change.
The European Union, which has set itself ambitious emissions cuts targets and encouraged others to follow suit, only reluctantly accepted the weak deal that finally emerged.
“The decision has been very difficult for me. We have done one step, we have hoped for several more,” said German Chancellor Angela Merkel.
In the final hours of the talks, which began on Dec. 7 and ended early yesterday afternoon, delegates agreed to set a deadline to conclude a UN treaty by the end of 2010.
At stake was a deal to fight global warming and promote a cleaner world economy less dependent on fossil fuels.
The accord explicitly recognised a “scientific view” that the world should limit warming to no more than 2 degrees Celsius — although the promised emissions cuts were far short of the amount needed to reach that goal.
“We have a big job ahead to avoid climate change through effective emissions reduction targets, and this was not done here,” said Brazil’s climate change ambassador, Sergio Serra.
A final breakthrough came after US President Barack Obama brokered a final deal with Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and leaders of India, South Africa and Brazil that they stand behind their commitments to curb growth in greenhouse gases.
Obama said the “extremely difficult and complex” talks laid the foundation for international action in the years to come.
“For the first time in history, all of the world’s major economies have come together to accept their responsibility to take action on the threat of climate change,” Obama said at the White House on Saturday after returning from Copenhagen.
The outcome underscored shortcomings in the chaotic U.N. process and may pass the initiative in forming world climate policy to the United States and China, the world’s top two emitters of greenhouse gases.
Stormy
In a stormy overnight session, the talks came to the brink of collapse after Sudan, Nicaragua, Cuba, Venezuela and Bolivia lined up to denounce the US and China-led plan, after heads of state and government had flown home.
Sources close to the talks told Reuters the Danish hosts and UN lawyers had not obtained formal backing from the conference for a smaller group of leaders and ministers to agree a final text, leading to chaos when this was finally presented to a plenary meeting of all 193 countries.
UN talks are meant to be concluded by unanimity. Under a compromise to avoid collapse, the deal listed the countries that were in favour of the deal and those against.
An all-night plenary session, chaired by Danish Prime Minister Lars Lokke Rasmussen, hit a low point when a Sudanese delegate said the plan in Africa would be like the Holocaust.
The document “is a solution based on the same very values, in our opinion, that channelled six million people in Europe into furnaces,” said Sudan’s Lumumba Stanislaus Di-aping.
“The reference to the Holocaust is, in this context, absolutely despicable,” said Anders Turesson, chief negotiator of Sweden. The conference finally merely “took note” of the new accord.
This gives it the same legal status as if it had been accepted, senior United Nations official Robert Orr said. But it is far from a full endorsement, and it was also condemned by many environmental groups as showing a failure of leadership.
