SANTIAGO, Chile — The student protests that paralyzed Chile this week have been widely depicted as a symptom of the failure of this country’s free-market-oriented education system. In reality, they are partly a product of its success, partly a result of its excesses.
Before we get into what went wrong, we have to remember that Chile has one of the best education systems in Latin America. In the latest international PISA test of 15-year-old students in maths, science and reading comprehension, Chile ranked No. 1 in the region, ahead of Mexico, Brazil and Argentina.
When it comes to higher education, Chile has expanded its reach more than most of its neighbours: Its number of university students has soared from 200,000 two decades ago to nearly 1 million today. Nearly 50 per cent of Chile’s college-age students are in college, more than in most countries in the region.
What’s more important, 70 per cent of today’s university students are children of people who never went to college.
Too much, too fast
But judging from what I heard over the past few days in interviews with student movement leaders and government officials, the phenomenal expansion of Chile’s university system was done too fast, with too little planning, and too little regulation.
Chile allowed private universities to compete freely with state-run universities, but failed to make sure that all private universities adhere to high academic standards, which led to creation of both first-class private universities and bad ones that are little more than diploma mills.
Because most students could not afford to pay their tuition, Chile adopted a system used in Australia, which allows students to begin paying for their tuition once they graduate from college and get a job.
It looked great on paper, but planners forget to take into account that, unlike in the United States or China, where families have a tradition of saving for their children’s college education since their early childhood, no such tradition existed in Chile.
With the explosion of students in recent years, new graduates — especially those from lower-quality private universities — found themselves with debts of up to $40,000, and not able to pay back their student loans. And since their parents had guaranteed their loans, their whole families were in a bind — which helps explains the wide support for the student movement among Chilean grown-ups.
What’s worse, unlike in Australia, where graduates are required to pay up to a certain percentage of their wages once they get a job, in Chile they have to pay a fixed sum, regardless of their income.
Broader support
Today’s college students — many of them activists of the 2006 high-school student protests against former President Michelle Bachelet — realized that they would be financially strangled as soon as they graduated. They decided to take to the streets — this time with the support of teachers and labour unions — to demand free university education.
“Of course they are right when they demand a more affordable education,” Education Minister Felipe Bulnes told me, adding that the state can’t afford to make it fully free, even for the rich. “The key thing is determining what’s possible and what’s impossible to do, and the speed with which we can advance.”
So far, the government of conservative President Sebastian Piñera has offered to inject more government funds to higher education, lower interest rates on student loans, and offer full scholarships to the poorest students. But student leaders, emboldened by their popular support, are pushing for more.
Camila Vallejo, the 23-year-old leader of the student movement who has charmed this country with her good looks and charisma, told me that the student federation is also demanding that the government ban profit-seeking universities. Vallejo, a Communist Party member, said her movement wants “structural changes” to do away with the “neo-liberal education model.”
My opinion: In its hurry to join the First World and copy the US, Chinese and Indian university systems, Chile has gone too fast. The students are right in demanding that the government do something to solve the graduates’ financial bottleneck, and that there be more regulation to ban diploma mills that leave students — and their families — badly indebted.
Still, these excesses can be fixed without reverting to the disastrous centrally controlled state university systems of some of Chile’s neighbouring countries. If they are solved, Chile will emerge a better country from this trauma.
© The Miami Herald, 2011. Distributed by Knight Ridder/Tribune Media Sevices
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