Today, 10 December, is Human Rights Day. It was on this day in 1948 that the United Nations proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that everyone, every individual and every organ of society, shall strive, by teaching and education to bring about the world-wide application of the principles of the Declaration. In short, to protect the human rights of everyone.
What the Universal Declaration sought to do, 73 years ago, was to invite all Governments to pursue human rights strategies of governance. That is to say that the policies of Governments would take their starting point from the precepts of the Universal Declaration and that Governments should be judged by whether they are doing this or not. The Universal Declaration has particular relevance for multi-ethnic societies: All parts of the population need to feel that, their essence, their culture, their means of livelihood, and their aspirations are respected in the governance of their country.
Human Rights Day this year is being commemorated at a time when the present and the future are joined together as perhaps at no other time in the history of the United Nations and its Universal Declaration. The world is simultaneously facing survival challenges from climate change, environmental degradation, and pandemics, and existential challenges from poverty, inequality, discrimination, dehumanisation, and gross violations of human rights, such as torture and arbitrary deprivation of life. Climate change could lead to hundreds of millions of people fleeing to safety across borders. This is already happening before our eyes. There is one estimate that two hundred million people could flee for safety by 2025.
There is active talk of using science to deflect the rays of the sun back outwards, in an effort to protect the planet from over-heating. No one knows what the long-term effects of this would be. There is also active exploration of outer space in the expressed conviction that the future of humanity lies in outer space and in planets not yet identified or explored. A brave new world beckons.
The recent Glasgow summit on climate change witnessed the tensions between those who fervently believe that the use of fossil fuels must be halted and those who equally fervently plead that they cannot feed and take care of their peoples if they precipitously stop the use of fossil fuels.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights provides the reference points, the frame of principles, for thinking through, formulating and implementing policies on challenges such as these. It is a crucial document for every country.
The first principle is the right to life, enshrined in Article 3 of the Universal Declaration: “Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.” National, regional, and international policies and governance must take this right as their point of departure. People whose habitats are going under water or being taken over by oceans or deserts have the right to life. All governments must respect and uphold this principle. It is a bench-mark principle.
The second principle is the right to dignity, enshrined in Article 1 of the Universal Declaration: “All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.” The dignity of every person is inviolate. Poverty assaults the dignity of those caught in its vice-trap.
The third principle is the principle of equality, enshrined in Articles, 2, 6 and 7 of the Universal Declaration: “Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status” (Article 2). “Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law” (Article 6). “All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination” (Article 7).
The fourth principle is the rule of law, enshrined, among others, In Article 10 of the Universal Declaration: “Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and public hearing by an independent and impartial tribunal, in the determination of his/her rights and obligations and of any criminal charge against him/ her. The rule of law must be respected everywhere. In many countries it is not.
The fifth principle is gender equality, enshrined in Article 16: “Men and women…are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution.” “The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State.” Gender equality, alas, is still far from reality in many parts of the world.
The sixth principle deals with participation in governance, enshrined in Article 21 of the Universal Declaration: “Everyone has the right to take part in the government of his/her country, directly or through freely chosen representatives … The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of government. This will shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.” Article 27 adds that everyone has the right to freely participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy the arts and to share in scientific advancement and its benefits. Alas, the will of the people is trampled upon in many parts of the world.
The seventh principle, stated in Article 28 of the Universal Declaration, is that “Everyone is entitled to a social and international order in which the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration can be fully realized.” We clearly do not yet have such an international order. And numerous countries lack the social order called for. This principle of a social order conducive to implementation of the rights in the Universal Declaration is one that should be debated regularly in every country.
The eighth principle, stated in Article 25, is one which, alas, is grievously breached in numerous parts of the world: “Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself/herself and his/her family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services, and the right to security in the event of unemployment, sickness, disability, widowhood, old age or other lack of livelihood in circumstances beyond his/ her control.” Should not every Parliament discuss as a matter of the utmost urgency how this provision is being implemented and hold the Government accountable to this provision?
A leading drafter of the Universal Declaration, the Lebanese Philosopher Charles Habib Malik, famously wrote about the Universal Declaration: “The very essence of freedom is the right to become, not only the right to be.” In our times, both the right to be and the right to become are under serious challenge. On this Human Rights Day, the eight principles of the Universal Declaration enumerated above can help humanity protect the right to be as well as the right to become.
*The author previously performed the functions of UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Chancellor of the University of Guyana, Professor at the Geneva Graduate Institute of Inter-national and Development Studies, and Commissioner of the International Commission of Jurists.
